This course covers: • Definition and scope of criminal law. • Theory of crime: definition, classification, elements, attempt, and criminal participation. • Theory of the offender and criminal responsibility. • Theory of criminal penalties and preventive measures.

This course focuses on: • Crimes stipulated in the special part of the Penal Code. • Crimes against persons and property. • Judicial applications according to Libyan court rulings.

This course focuses on: • General principles of scientific research, with emphasis on legal research. • Legal theses, dissertations, articles, legal opinions, and commentary on judgments and legislation. • Research tools and legal references, including libraries and electronic legal databases. • Citation and documentation of legal sources.

This course examines: • Actors in international relations. • Legal status of states, organizations, and multinational corporations. • International interaction and theories analyzing global politics.

This course focuses on: • Origins and development of the theory of human rights. • Relationship between the state and human rights. • Fundamental principles of human rights. • Relationship between human rights and other branches of law. • Sources of human rights: international, regional, and national.

This course examines: Sources of Obligations: • Contracts. • Unilateral will. • Tort liability. • Unjust enrichment. • Law. Effects of Obligations: • Notice of default. • Forced execution (specific performance and compensation). • Means available to creditors to protect general security (direct action, action for revocation, simulation, right of retention). • Types and characteristics of obligations. • Solidarity among creditors and debtors. • Extinction of obligations. • Evidence and proof.

This course includes: • General principles of compulsory enforcement. • Enforceable instruments and the provision of guarantees. • Problems and disputes arising during enforcement procedures. • Types of attachments and seizures. • Enforcement against immovable property and mechanisms for the division and distribution of proceeds among creditors according to their ranks and priorities.

This course covers: • Definition, sources, and relationship with other branches of law. • Judicial organization and court jurisdiction. • Judicial proceedings, litigation stages, procedural principles, and service of process. • Judgments and methods of filing lawsuits by petition.

This course addresses: • Definition of maritime law and the scope of its application in terms of time and place, with particular emphasis on its specific sources and international character. • The legal status of ships, including their legal nature, nationality, ownership, mortgage, and seizure. • Persons involved in maritime navigation. • Selected maritime contracts, particularly contracts of carriage of passengers and goods by sea, covering contract formation, proof, obligations of the parties, carrier’s liability, and rules governing such liability. • Maritime sales, marine insurance, and maritime liens. • Reference is also made to recent international legislative developments concerning the carriage of goods by sea, especially the Rotterdam Rules of 2009.

This course covers: • Definition and emergence of the science of Usul al-Fiqh, with an overview of the methodologies adopted by jurists in its development. • Study of Islamic legal rulings in terms of definition, classifications, pillars, and rules of derivation. • Interpretation of legal texts, including apparent meaning, explicit text, implied meaning, and command forms. • Methods of indicating meaning through wording, hierarchy of indications, and types of textual implication (explicit and implicit meaning). • Study of the agreed-upon sources of Islamic law (Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus, and analogy) and the disputed sources (previous divine laws, public interest, juristic preference, custom, and independent reasoning).

This course includes: • Concept and importance of inheritance. • Estate, its components, and distribution. • Heirs, shares, exclusion, agnatic succession, and special cases. • Wills: concept, conditions, and legal rules.

This course focuses on: • Crimes stipulated in the special part of the Penal Code. • Crimes against persons and property. • Judicial applications according to Libyan court rulings.

This course includes: • Definition of criminology, its historical development, and its relationship with other criminal sciences. • Schools of thought explaining criminal behavior. • Factors contributing to crime, whether individual or social. • Definition of penology, its historical development, types of criminal sanctions, and rules governing the treatment of convicted persons.

This course covers: • General theory of contracts. • Named and unnamed contracts. • Study of sale, insurance, and agency contracts, including formation, elements, and effects.

Topics include: • Concept, development, and sources of labour law. • Individual employment contracts and collective labour relations. • Trade unions and settlement of collective labour disputes.

This course includes: • Definition and nature of law. • Legal rules and legal personality. • Types of rights. • State institutions and the legislative process. • Classification of law: public and private law, substantive and procedural law. • Branches of public and private law. • Selected legal texts, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Topics covered include: • Nature and scope of economics. • Economic problems and resources. • Concepts of supply and demand. • Consumer and producer equilibrium. • Markets and welfare economics. • National income and methods of measurement. • Money and banking systems. • Inflation, foreign trade, and economic development.

This course examines: • Administrative judiciary and its distinction from ordinary judiciary. • Principle of legality and administrative oversight. • Administrative and judicial control. • Action for annulment and its conditions under Libyan law.

This course covers: • Legal rules governing maritime zones, including the territorial sea, contiguous zone, high seas, and continental shelf. • Efforts toward establishing a fair international regime for the seabed, ocean floor, and subsoil. • International straits, fishing rights, conservation of living marine resources on the high seas, protection of the marine environment, and marine scientific research.

This course addresses: • Definition, meaning, and scope of constitutional law. • Relationship between constitutional law and other branches of law. • Sources of constitutional law. • The concept of the state, its elements, forms, and origins. • Types of governments and political systems.

This course covers the following topics: • Definition of Criminal Procedure Law and its relationship with other laws, particularly Criminal Law and Civil and Commercial Procedure Law. • Rules governing the application of criminal procedural law in terms of time and place. • Major procedural systems in comparative law and the position adopted by the Libyan legislator. • Study of the criminal (public) action and the civil action arising therefrom. • Rules of criminal investigation, preliminary inquiry, and criminal trial, including criminal jurisdiction, trial procedures, criminal evidence, issuance of criminal judgments, and methods of appeal.

Topics include: • Concept, elements, and development of administrative organization. • Relationship between administrative law and other branches of law. • Centralization and decentralization. • Administrative operations. • Theories of administrative law, including public order and public service. • Administrative means: human (public employees), material (public property), and legal means (administrative decisions, contracts, privileges, discretionary power, direct execution, and expropriation for public benefit).

Topics include: • Concept and branches of international law. • Binding force and sources of international law. • Subjects of international law. • International treaties: formation, effects, invalidity, and suspension. • Recognition of states. • Rights and duties of states. • State territory and international responsibility. • International disputes and diplomatic and economic relations

This course addresses: • Financial law and its relationship with other legal branches. • Public expenditures and revenues. • Taxes, fees, loans, and Libyan financial legislation. • Public budget preparation, execution, and oversight.

This course addresses: • Engagement, marriage, and their legal effects. • Pillars and conditions of marriage. • Prohibited degrees of marriage due to kinship, breastfeeding, and affinity. • Guardianship in marriage and mutual rights and duties of spouses. • Divorce: definition, legitimacy, types, and effects, including waiting period, custody, lineage, and children’s rights. • Study based on Libyan Law No. 10 of 1984 and its amendments, from legislative, jurisprudential, and judicial perspectives

This course includes: • Detailed provisions governing commercial papers and the special nature of negotiable instruments law as an exceptional branch of law. • Mandatory formal requirements of commercial papers at the stage of issuance, with particular emphasis on bills of exchange as the principal commercial instrument. • Legal rules governing promissory notes and cheques, as well as the fulfillment of negotiable obligations. • The second part of the course addresses banking operations and bankruptcy.

Topics include: • Development of commercial law and commercial acts. • Status and obligations of traders. • Commercial establishment and its protection. • Commercial companies and selected commercial contracts.

This course examines: Original Real Rights: • Right of ownership: definition, characteristics, elements, scope, and legal restrictions imposed thereon. • Co-ownership and its legal rules, including termination of common ownership. • Rights derived from ownership, such as usufruct, easements, and rights of passage. • Modes of acquiring ownership, including appropriation, inheritance, wills, accession, contracts, and possession. Accessory Real Rights: • Definition and importance of real securities from both economic and legal perspectives. • Official mortgage, consensual mortgage, judicial mortgage, and possessory pledge. • Privileges (preferential rights), their legal nature, classifications, and governing rules.

• Definition of the concept of rights and their legal and philosophical content. • Types and classifications of rights. • Sources and elements of rights. • Exercise of rights and their legal protection.

• Definition of the legal rule and its characteristics, including its nature as a social rule, a general and abstract rule, and a rule governing social conduct. • The relationship between legal rules and other social norms, such as religious rules, moral rules, and rules of etiquette and courtesy. • Divisions and branches of law. • Types of legal rules: mandatory (imperative) rules and supplementary (interpretative) rules. • Sources of legal rules. • Application of law in terms of time and place.

This course examines: • Legal definition and functions of money and banks. • Types and characteristics of money. • Monetary systems and theories of value determination. • Balance in the money market. • Banking institutions and operations. • Monetary policy, inflation, and financial markets.

This course introduces legal terminology related to: • Public international law and its branches. • Criminal law, crimes, punishments, and criminal procedures. • Private law, personal status law, civil and commercial contracts, courts, and judicial organization.

This course covers: • Parts of speech (noun, verb, particle). • Types of sentences (nominal, verbal, and semi-sentences). • Rules of writing the hamza and long vowels. • Grammatical case markers. • Study of the subject, active and passive participles, masculine and feminine plural forms. • Selected texts for reading, memorization, and grammatical analysis. • Rules of hamzat al-wasl and hamzat al-qat‘, open and tied “taa”. • Scientific report writing. • The subject and predicate and their grammatical rules, verbal complements, objects, prepositions, adverbs, pronouns, and distinction (tamyiz). • Numerals, jussive particles, and selected examples from classical and modern poetry. • Training students in drafting legal texts and documents accurately.